Observe making and Abstract – Format – Marking Scheme – Ideas – Examples
Observe making is a talent which helps us to gather an important info from a considerable amount of textual content. Observe making helps in getting vital info and thereby summarizing an extended textual content.
You’re going to get a passage of 200-250 phrases from which you’ll have to make notes. Observe making helps us to search out the important thing factors and perceive the idea of the passage. Then the notes helps us to summarise the textual content in an efficient method.
Observe making and summarizing consists of 8 marks.
Observe making consists of 5 marks
Summarizing consists of three marks.
Marking Scheme – Observe making – 5marks + Abstract 3 marks= 8 marks
Observe -making
| Title | 1 mark |
| Indenting and numbering | 1 mark |
| Notes | 2 marks |
| Abbreviations | 1 mark (write a minimum of 4 abbreviations.) |
Abstract – 3 marks
| Content material (80 phrases) | 2 marks |
| Expression | 1 mark |
Complete = 8 marks
FORMAT FOR NOTE-MAKING ↓
Title
Notes with indentation and numbering (minimal 4)
Key to Abbreviations (minimal 4 in field)
Title
Abstract (in a single paragraph 80 phrases)
FORMAT IN DETAIL ↓
Ideas for writing notes
- All Nos. must be written contained in the margin
- No. of details must be 4-5
- No. of subpoints must be 3-4
- No. of sub-subpoints must be -2-3 (if required)
- Be in keeping with the numbering system
Key to Abbreviations
Ideas for writing Abbreviations
- Use normal abbreviations so far as doable (govt. e.g., i.e.)
- You might use symbols [>, <, ?, &, =,£,← (left),→(right),↑(rising),↓(decreasing)]
- Use numerals (20 not twenty)
- Capitalize first letters of names of nations and states (UP, USA, UNO)
- You might make your personal abbreviations by holding the primary few phrases (prog’ve- progressive, educ- training)
Abstract
Title (Heading)
(physique of abstract in keeping with specified phrase restrict 80 phrases)
Ideas for be aware making, abbreviations and abstract
- Embrace solely the crucial knowledge
- Use minimal variety of phrases don’t use full sentences
- Don’t use auxiliary verbs, prepositions
- Give appropriate heading
- preserve indentation
- Make a minimum of four headings and sub-headings
- Should use a minimum of 4 abbreviations within the notes.
- Use full cease after every abbreviation and simply comprehensible (e.g. abbre. for abbreviations)
- Enclose –Key to Abbreviations (minimal 4) in a field.
- Current a properly written abstract in 80 phrases in a single paragraph.
- The abstract have to be temporary and produced from the notes.
- Preserve phrase restrict for abstract
- Give an applicable title
- Write abstract in full sentences.
- Abstract ought to embrace the details from the textual content in sequence.
NOTE MAKING EXAMPLES (pattern solutions)
(P.S. -College students should underline vital factors whereas studying the passage throughout examination to help make notes)
Learn the passage
The work of the center can by no means be interrupted. The guts’s job is to maintain oxygen-rich blood flowing by means of the physique. All of the physique’s cells want a relentless provide of oxygen, particularly these within the mind. Mind cells dwell solely 4-5 minutes after their oxygen is cut-off, and dying involves the physique.
The guts is a specialised muscle that serves as a pump. The pump is split into 4 chambers, related by tiny doorways known as valves. The chambers work to maintain the blood flowing around the physique in a circle.
The guts illnesses may result from injury to the center muscle, the valves or pace-maker. If the muscle is broken, the center is unable to pump correctly. If the valves are broken, blood can’t movement usually and simply from one chamber to a different; and if the pacemaker is flawed, the contractions of the chambers will turn out to be uncoordinated.
The period of open-heart surgical procedure has begun. It provides surgeons the prospect to restore and exchange a faulty coronary heart. Coronary heart-transplant is a fast-growing phenomenon in case of full coronary heart failure.
Q. a) On the premise of the passage, make notes on it utilizing headings, sub-headings and sub-sub-headings. Give applicable title. Use recognisable abbreviations (minimal 4) wherever obligatory. (5)
b) Write a abstract of the passage based mostly on the notes. (3)
Ans.
Working and Therapy of Coronary heart
| Key to Abbreviations |
| 1. interptd. →interrupted 2. Conntd. → related 3. pcmkr. → pacemaker 4. Un-cord. → uncoordinated 5. Contn. → contractions 6. trnsplt. → transplant |
Abstract:
Working and Therapy of Coronary heart
The guts gives uninterrupted provide of oxygen wealthy blood to cells and the mind by appearing as a pump. The mind dies with out oxygen provide for greater than 4-5 minutes. The guts consists of specialised muscle tissues and is split into 4 chambers that are related by valves to flow into blood. Coronary heart illnesses are on account of injury to muscle tissues, valve or faulty pace-maker. Issues of coronary heart could be handled by means of open coronary heart surgical procedure or coronary heart transplant in case of coronary heart failure.
2. Learn the next
(P.S.-College students ought to underline vital factors whereas going by means of the passage)
A lot earlier than medical science found it, the journal ‘Reader’s Digest’ got here out with the prescription-laughter is the most effective medication. Newspapers and magazines which repeatedly run humour columns are doing their bit to maintain the readers in good well being. Studying gentle articles, whether or not they’re satirical, comical on simply humourous, relieves the tedium of this aggressive world.
It’s stated that for those who giggle for ten minutes, you can be in a greater place to place up with ache for 2 hours. Based on US researches, laughter tones up the system and is an efficient antidote to emphasize. Facial laughter -muscles instruct the mind to really feel good, no matter how you are feeling.
Based on a French physician, laughter deepens respiration, improves blood-circulation and hastens the method of tissue-healing. Briefly, it acts as a strong drug with no side-effects. Additionally it is discovered that laughter stimulates pure pain- killers within the physique & improves digestion. Some folks in France have made it a profession. You possibly can rent a jovialist, who cracks jokes and laughs and guarantees to make you dissolve your worries in helpless laughter.
A phrase of warning, though laughing is an efficient train, laughing at others’ expense, notably at their disabilities, is in dangerous style and is to be prevented. Secondly, laughing with meals within the mouth is harmful as meals can get into the windpipe and choke the respiratory system
Q. a) On the premise of the passage, make notes on it utilizing headings, sub-headings and sub-sub-headings. Give applicable title. Use recognisable abbreviations (minimal 4) wherever obligatory. (5)
b) Write a abstract of the passage based mostly on the notes. (3)
(Abstract- 80 words-Content material – 2 M- Expression – 1M.)
Laughter- The Finest Medication
| Key to abbreviations 1. Ightr. → Laughter 2. med. → medication 3. magazine. → magazines 4. doc. → physician 5. reschr → researcher 6. еxр. → ехреnsе . |
Abstract
Laughter- The Finest Medication
Reader’s Digest was the primary to prescribe laughter as medication. Newspapers publish humour columns to maintain reader’s minds wholesome. Laughter has many well being advantages. It will increase ache tolerance and improves digestion. Based on US researchers, laughter tones up the system and relieves stress.
Based on a French physician, laughter hastens therapeutic. In France, laughter spins careers. Jovialists make folks giggle and relieve them from worries. Nevertheless, laughing at others’ expense just isn’t acceptable. Additionally, it’s harmful to giggle whereas consuming.
3. Learn the Passage
India is surrounded by water our bodies on three sides, but we face water scarcity yearly!
Contemplate this – the per capita water availability in India was 3450 cu m in 1951. By 2025, the annual per capita availability of water is the anticipated to fall drastically from the present 1800 cu m per individual to between 1200 and 1500 cu m.
Mumbai’s demand for water was 7950 MLD (million litres per day) in 2011. The provision was solely round 3100 MID-a substantial shortfall, however the metropolis receives solely 2500 do, the stability being misplaced on account of leakage and pilferage. Delhi Jal Board is ready to provide solely round 650 million gallons of water per day towards the demand of 750 million gallons. Based on a World Financial institution examine of 27 Asian cities with inhabitants of over a million. Kolkata is the fourth worst performing metro by way of hour of water availability per day.
The standard of obtainable water can be quick deteriorating. In 1982 it was reported that 70 p.c of all out there water in India was polluted. The scenario is far worse as we speak. Over-extraction of floor water has led to salt water intrusion into coastal aquifers. It has additionally resulted in issues of extreme fluoride, iron, arsenic, and salinity in water, which is presently affecting about 44 million folks in India. Floor water is going through an equally severe risk from contamination by industrial effluents and faecal matter, in addition to pesticides and fertilisers from farm run-offs.
Except precedence is given rapidly to creating an infrastructure to guarantee availability of water, there might quickly be no water to fulfill the agricultural, home and industrial wants of a inhabitants that can has tripled in 50 years to at least one and 1 / 4 billion.
Water administration is due to this fact a significant problem for city planners, builders and designers as we speak, not simply by way of availability of water, however most significantly its high quality.
As water scarcity will increase, alternate sources of water provide are gaining significance. These embrace sewage recycling, rainwater harvesting, producing water from humidity within the environment and so forth. Water recycling is a straightforward efficient and economical resolution to preserve water in order that extra recent water is obtainable for makes use of similar to consuming, bathing, cooking and laundry.
Rajesh Sharma, Managing Director, Ion Trade (India) Ltd, opines, “Inhabitants, industrialisation and air pollution are placing strain on our restricted recent water sources. There may be a restrict to rising water provide as a result of we’re working out of sources and the price of further services is prohibitive. Extra over as business, which pays closely for the water it makes use of, recycles increasingly more of it, will probably be more and more tough for municipalities to search out cash for subsidy.
Sewage recycle would assist cut back infrastructural prices on public water provide methods in addition to keep away from heavy losses of water by means of leakages throughout distribution by means of public provide pipelines.
The easiest way to unravel water shortage, due to this fact, is by conserving water and recycling it wherever doable. Recycling have to be made obligatory for all new tasks – industrial or home. It must be promoted for current buildings additionally. Other than precedence to watershed improvement, rainwater harvesting and water recycling, one other space we have to handle is optimising use of water in agriculture (which makes use of 70% of the recent water out there) by means of drip irrigation and so forth.”
• On the premise of your studying of the above passage, make notes on it utilizing headings and subheadings and sub sub headings. Use recognisable abbreviations wherever obligatory.(Solely 4) Provide an applicable title to it. (5)
• Write a abstract of the above passage in 80 phrases. (3)
Ans.
Water Administration
| Key to abbreviations 1. Avlb. → availability 2, demd. → demand 3. Overex → over-extraction 4. Conta.- →contamination 5. Recy. → recycling |
Abstract
Water Administration
India faces water scarcity regardless of being surrounded by water our bodies. Per capita water availability has decreased from 3450 cu m in 1951 to 1500 in 2025. Demand of water in Mumbai and Delhi has elevated whereas provide has decreased. Kolkata ranked 4th worst in water provide. Over-extraction and contamination has deteriorated high quality. Various sources from recycling, harvesting are gaining significance. Rajesh Sharma emphasised water conservation by means of recycling and drip irrigation is finest approach for fixing water shortage.